Identification of Falsified Chloroquine Tablets in Africa at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Identifieur interne : 000142 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000141; suivant : 000143Identification of Falsified Chloroquine Tablets in Africa at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Auteurs : Gesa Gnegel [Allemagne] ; Cathrin Hauk [Allemagne] ; Richard Neci [Kenya] ; Georges Mutombo ; Fidelis Nyaah [Cameroun] ; Dorothee Wistuba [Allemagne] ; Christine H Fele-Abah [Allemagne] ; Lutz Heide [Allemagne]Source :
- The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene [ 1476-1645 ] ; 2020.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Cameroun (MeSH), Chloroquine (analyse), Chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance (MeSH), Chromatographie sur couche mince (MeSH), Humains (MeSH), Infections à coronavirus (épidémiologie), Médicaments contrefaits (analyse), Pandémies (MeSH), Pneumopathie virale (épidémiologie), République démocratique du Congo (MeSH), Spectrométrie de masse (MeSH).
- MESH :
- analyse : Chloroquine, Médicaments contrefaits.
- épidémiologie : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- Betacoronavirus, Cameroun, Chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance, Chromatographie sur couche mince, Humains, Pandémies, République démocratique du Congo, Spectrométrie de masse.
- Wicri :
- geographic : Cameroun.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Betacoronavirus (MeSH), COVID-19 (MeSH), Cameroon (MeSH), Chloroquine (analysis), Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid (MeSH), Chromatography, Thin Layer (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (epidemiology), Counterfeit Drugs (analysis), Democratic Republic of the Congo (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Mass Spectrometry (MeSH), Pandemics (MeSH), Pneumonia, Viral (epidemiology), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , analysis : Chloroquine, Counterfeit Drugs.
- geographic : Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- epidemiology : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Humans, Mass Spectrometry, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2.
Abstract
Reports that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine may be effective against COVID-19 have received worldwide attention, increasing the risk of the introduction of falsified versions of these medicines. Five different types of falsified chloroquine tablets were discovered between March 31, 2020 and April 4, 2020, in Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo by locally conducted thin layer chromatographic analysis. Subsequent investigation by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in Germany proved the absence of detectable amounts of chloroquine and the presence of undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients, that is, paracetamol and metronidazole, in four of the samples. The fifth sample contained chloroquine, but only 22% of the declared amount. Such products represent a serious risk to patients. Their occurrence exemplifies that once medicines or vaccines against COVID-19 may be developed, falsified products will enter the market immediately, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Timely preparations for the detection of such products are required, including the establishment of appropriate screening technologies in LMICs.
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0363
PubMed: 32400349
PubMed Central: PMC7263564
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
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xml:lang="en">Identification of Falsified Chloroquine Tablets in Africa at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic.</title><author><name sortKey="Gnegel, Gesa" sort="Gnegel, Gesa" uniqKey="Gnegel G" first="Gesa" last="Gnegel">Gesa Gnegel</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>German Institute for Medical Mission (Difaem), Tuebingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>German Institute for Medical Mission (Difaem), Tuebingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 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Neci</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Le Dépôt Central Médico-Pharmaceutique de La 8e CEPAC (DCMP), Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Democratic Republic of Congo</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mutombo, Georges" sort="Mutombo, Georges" uniqKey="Mutombo G" first="Georges" last="Mutombo">Georges Mutombo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Le Dépôt Central Médico-Pharmaceutique de La 8e CEPAC (DCMP), Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Democratic Republic of Congo</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyaah, Fidelis" sort="Nyaah, Fidelis" uniqKey="Nyaah F" first="Fidelis" last="Nyaah">Fidelis Nyaah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Presbyterian Church in Cameroon (PCC), Central Pharmacy, Limbe, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Presbyterian Church in Cameroon (PCC), Central Pharmacy, Limbe</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Limbe</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wistuba, Dorothee" sort="Wistuba, Dorothee" uniqKey="Wistuba D" first="Dorothee" last="Wistuba">Dorothee Wistuba</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Organic Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Organic Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="H Fele Abah, Christine" sort="H Fele Abah, Christine" uniqKey="H Fele Abah C" first="Christine" last="H Fele-Abah">Christine H Fele-Abah</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>German Institute for Medical Mission (Difaem), Tuebingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>German Institute for Medical Mission (Difaem), Tuebingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heide, Lutz" sort="Heide, Lutz" uniqKey="Heide L" first="Lutz" last="Heide">Lutz Heide</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene</title><idno type="eISSN">1476-1645</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term><term>Cameroon (MeSH)</term><term>Chloroquine (analysis)</term><term>Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid (MeSH)</term><term>Chromatography, Thin Layer (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (epidemiology)</term><term>Counterfeit Drugs (analysis)</term><term>Democratic Republic of the Congo (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Mass Spectrometry (MeSH)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (epidemiology)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Cameroun (MeSH)</term><term>Chloroquine (analyse)</term><term>Chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance (MeSH)</term><term>Chromatographie sur couche mince (MeSH)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Infections à coronavirus (épidémiologie)</term><term>Médicaments contrefaits (analyse)</term><term>Pandémies (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumopathie virale (épidémiologie)</term><term>République démocratique du Congo (MeSH)</term><term>Spectrométrie de masse (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Chloroquine</term><term>Counterfeit Drugs</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Cameroon</term><term>Democratic Republic of the Congo</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analyse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Chloroquine</term><term>Médicaments contrefaits</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term><term>Pneumopathie virale</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>COVID-19</term><term>Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid</term><term>Chromatography, Thin Layer</term><term>Humans</term><term>Mass Spectrometry</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Cameroun</term><term>Chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance</term><term>Chromatographie sur couche mince</term><term>Humains</term><term>Pandémies</term><term>République démocratique du Congo</term><term>Spectrométrie de masse</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Cameroun</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Reports that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine may be effective against COVID-19 have received worldwide attention, increasing the risk of the introduction of falsified versions of these medicines. Five different types of falsified chloroquine tablets were discovered between March 31, 2020 and April 4, 2020, in Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo by locally conducted thin layer chromatographic analysis. Subsequent investigation by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in Germany proved the absence of detectable amounts of chloroquine and the presence of undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients, that is, paracetamol and metronidazole, in four of the samples. The fifth sample contained chloroquine, but only 22% of the declared amount. Such products represent a serious risk to patients. Their occurrence exemplifies that once medicines or vaccines against COVID-19 may be developed, falsified products will enter the market immediately, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Timely preparations for the detection of such products are required, including the establishment of appropriate screening technologies in LMICs.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32400349</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>20</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>10</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1476-1645</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>103</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Am J Trop Med Hyg</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Identification of Falsified Chloroquine Tablets in Africa at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>73-76</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.4269/ajtmh.20-0363</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Reports that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine may be effective against COVID-19 have received worldwide attention, increasing the risk of the introduction of falsified versions of these medicines. Five different types of falsified chloroquine tablets were discovered between March 31, 2020 and April 4, 2020, in Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo by locally conducted thin layer chromatographic analysis. Subsequent investigation by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in Germany proved the absence of detectable amounts of chloroquine and the presence of undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients, that is, paracetamol and metronidazole, in four of the samples. The fifth sample contained chloroquine, but only 22% of the declared amount. Such products represent a serious risk to patients. Their occurrence exemplifies that once medicines or vaccines against COVID-19 may be developed, falsified products will enter the market immediately, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Timely preparations for the detection of such products are required, including the establishment of appropriate screening technologies in LMICs.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gnegel</LastName><ForeName>Gesa</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>German Institute for Medical Mission (Difaem), Tuebingen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hauk</LastName><ForeName>Cathrin</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Neci</LastName><ForeName>Richard</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Le Dépôt Central Médico-Pharmaceutique de La 8e CEPAC (DCMP), Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network, Nairobi, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mutombo</LastName><ForeName>Georges</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Le Dépôt Central Médico-Pharmaceutique de La 8e CEPAC (DCMP), Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nyaah</LastName><ForeName>Fidelis</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Presbyterian Church in Cameroon (PCC), Central Pharmacy, Limbe, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wistuba</LastName><ForeName>Dorothee</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Organic Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Häfele-Abah</LastName><ForeName>Christine</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>German Institute for Medical Mission (Difaem), Tuebingen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Heide</LastName><ForeName>Lutz</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>11</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Am J Trop Med 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Type="Geographic">Cameroon</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002738" MajorTopicYN="N">Chloroquine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="Y">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002851" MajorTopicYN="N">Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002855" MajorTopicYN="N">Chromatography, Thin Layer</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="Y">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058110" MajorTopicYN="N">Counterfeit Drugs</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="Y">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015023" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Democratic Republic of the Congo</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName 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IdType="pubmed">32205204</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 09;:</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32150618</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020 May;102(5):932-933</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32247318</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>BMJ Glob Health. 2018 Aug 29;3(4):e000725</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">30233826</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Nat Med. 2020 May;26(5):632</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32269358</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>BMJ. 2020 Apr 8;369:m1432</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32269046</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>PLoS One. 2017 Sep 6;12(9):e0184165</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">28877208</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Cell Res. 2020 Mar;30(3):269-271</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32020029</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Cameroun</li><li>Kenya</li></country><region><li>Bade-Wurtemberg</li><li>District de Tübingen</li></region><settlement><li>Tübingen</li></settlement></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Mutombo, Georges" sort="Mutombo, Georges" uniqKey="Mutombo G" first="Georges" last="Mutombo">Georges Mutombo</name></noCountry><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Bade-Wurtemberg"><name sortKey="Gnegel, Gesa" sort="Gnegel, Gesa" uniqKey="Gnegel G" first="Gesa" last="Gnegel">Gesa Gnegel</name></region><name sortKey="Gnegel, Gesa" sort="Gnegel, Gesa" uniqKey="Gnegel G" first="Gesa" last="Gnegel">Gesa Gnegel</name><name sortKey="H Fele Abah, Christine" sort="H Fele Abah, Christine" uniqKey="H Fele Abah C" first="Christine" last="H Fele-Abah">Christine H Fele-Abah</name><name sortKey="Hauk, Cathrin" sort="Hauk, Cathrin" uniqKey="Hauk C" first="Cathrin" last="Hauk">Cathrin Hauk</name><name sortKey="Heide, Lutz" sort="Heide, Lutz" uniqKey="Heide L" first="Lutz" last="Heide">Lutz Heide</name><name sortKey="Wistuba, Dorothee" sort="Wistuba, Dorothee" uniqKey="Wistuba D" first="Dorothee" last="Wistuba">Dorothee Wistuba</name></country><country name="Kenya"><noRegion><name sortKey="Neci, Richard" sort="Neci, Richard" uniqKey="Neci R" first="Richard" last="Neci">Richard Neci</name></noRegion></country><country name="Cameroun"><noRegion><name sortKey="Nyaah, Fidelis" sort="Nyaah, Fidelis" uniqKey="Nyaah F" first="Fidelis" last="Nyaah">Fidelis Nyaah</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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